Obstacle removal work - List of Manufacturers, Suppliers, Companies and Products | IPROS

Obstacle removal work Product List

1～22 item / All 22 items

Displayed results
[Construction Case] SR-45 Underground Obstacle Removal Work at the Super Wall Edge

[Construction Case] SR-45 Underground Obstacle Removal Work at the Super Wall Edge

Construction right up against the wall! A case study using the SR-45 multi-drill excavator.

We would like to introduce a case study of underground obstacle removal work that our company has conducted. In Nakano, Tokyo, we carried out underground obstacle removal work right up against the wall, which could not be performed by BG machines or full-rotation excavators. The machine used was the SR-45 multi-drill excavator. We removed underground obstacles such as underground structures, concrete debris, and H-beams. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Work at SR-45 Ultra Wall Edge ■ Construction Date: February 14, 2023 ■ Location: Nakano, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work Using Independently Developed Kelly Grab

[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work Using Independently Developed Kelly Grab

Developing original tools! Introducing a case of removing an underground firewater tank.

Here is an introduction to a case of underground obstacle removal work conducted by our company. In Adachi Ward, Tokyo, we used our uniquely developed original Kelly grab to remove an underground fire water tank. Not only do we possess a variety of machinery, but we also develop original tools. Our technical capabilities are high, and we have numerous achievements in challenging sites. You can find more details about the case in the related link. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Work Using Original Kelly Grab ■ Construction Date: February 8, 2023 ■ Location: Adachi Ward, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work with Airspace Restrictions

[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work with Airspace Restrictions

Efficient construction is also possible! Introducing examples of underground obstacle removal conducted under power lines.

We would like to introduce a case study of underground obstacle removal work conducted by our company. In Adachi Ward, Tokyo, we carried out underground obstacle removal work under power lines. Using the SR-45 multi-drill excavator with a low headroom middle mast specification, we were able to remove underground obstacles such as underground pits, firewater tanks, and pile removals in sites with overhead restrictions. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Work with Overhead Restrictions ■ Construction Date: February 6, 2023 ■ Location: Adachi Ward, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Removal of Existing Foundation Piles in a Super-Narrow Site of Approximately 56m2

[Construction Case] Removal of Existing Foundation Piles in a Super-Narrow Site of Approximately 56m2

Numerous achievements in construction on narrow sites and along walls! Here are examples of construction using the multi-drill method.

We would like to introduce a case study of underground obstacle removal conducted by our company. In Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, we carried out the removal of existing foundation piles on a site of approximately 56m², which is extremely small. The machinery used was the SR-45, and the construction was performed using the multi-drill method. The multi-drill can be used for construction in extremely narrow sites where buildings are densely packed. For more details about this case, please check the related links. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Removal of existing foundation piles on a site of approximately 56m² ■ Construction Date: September 5, 2022 ■ Location: Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo ■ Details: Φ1000 L=19.0m at 3 locations *For more information, please download the PDF from the related links or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work for Pressure-resistant Slab

[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work for Pressure-resistant Slab

Introducing a case of underground obstacle removal conducted in Hachioji City, Tokyo on July 20, 2022!

We would like to introduce a case where we removed underground obstacles from a pressure-resistant slab in Hachioji City, Tokyo, using the multi-drill method (equivalent to BG method). During the construction, we used the "SR-45 multifunctional drilling machine multi-drill" manufactured by SoilMec, Italy. In the related link, we have introduced this case with images, so please take a look. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Work for Pressure-Resistant Slab ■ Construction Date: July 20, 2022 ■ Location: Hachioji City, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Example] Full Rotation (Equivalent to BG) Underground Obstacle Removal

[Construction Example] Full Rotation (Equivalent to BG) Underground Obstacle Removal

A case of removing various underground obstacles while protecting the wall of the hole!

We would like to introduce a case of underground obstacle removal that we conducted. In Atsugi City, Kanagawa Prefecture, we carried out underground obstacle removal work using a full-circle rotary all-casing method (equivalent to BG method). We removed various underground obstacles while protecting the borehole walls. We have introduced this case with images in the related links, so please take a look. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Full-Circle Rotary (BG Equivalent) Underground Obstacle Removal ■ Construction Date: April 2, 2022 ■ Location: Atsugi City, Kanagawa Prefecture ■ Details: φ1000 to φ1800, L=11 to 21m (68 pipes) *For more details, please download the PDF from the related links or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work (Low-Headroom Slide Method)

[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work (Low-Headroom Slide Method)

Introducing a case of underground obstacle removal work using the low-altitude slide construction method!

We would like to introduce a case study of underground obstacle removal work carried out by our company. In Edogawa Ward, Tokyo, we successfully completed the removal of underground obstacles using the low headroom slide method, with a diameter of 1200 mm and a length of 48 m, under a height restriction of 5.8 m. This method allows for the removal of underground obstacles both under beams and within buildings. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Work (Low Headroom Slide Method) ■ Construction Date: March 29, 2022 ■ Location: Edogawa Ward, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
【施工事例】成田空港　地中障害撤去工事

【施工事例】成田空港　地中障害撤去工事

狭隘地や施工条件が難しい現場でも対応！マルチドリル掘削機SR-45を使用した事例

当社で行った地中障害撤去事例をご紹介します。 千葉県成田市にて、SR-45マルチドリル工法で成田空港内 アースアンカーの撤去を行いました。 クローラーキャタがゴムパット仕様になっているため 路面を傷つけず作業が可能です。 【事例概要】 ■工事名：成田空港　地中障害撤去工事 ■施工日：2019年11月05日 ■所在地：千葉県成田市 ※詳しくは関連リンクからPDFダウンロードいただくか、お問い合わせ下さい。

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Example] Removal of Underground Obstacles in Soundproof House

[Construction Example] Removal of Underground Obstacles in Soundproof House

Strong performance in narrow and low sites! Case study using the multi-drill rig MD250.

We would like to introduce a case of underground obstacle removal conducted by our company. In Jujo, Kita-ku, Tokyo, we carried out underground obstacle removal work using the multi-drill method inside an existing soundproof house with a ceiling height of 11.6m. We used the multi-drill excavator MD250 to perform the removal at a low headroom. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Work Inside Soundproof House ■ Construction Date: December 9, 2019 ■ Location: Jujo, Kita-ku, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Inagi Enokido Underground Water Pipe Removal Work

[Construction Case] Inagi Enokido Underground Water Pipe Removal Work

The leader length can be freely changed depending on the height above ground! Here is an example using the MD250.

We would like to introduce a case of underground obstacle removal conducted by our company. In Inagi City, Tokyo, we carried out underground obstacle removal work due to low overhead clearance. The removal work is being performed using the MD250. By changing the length of the leader, it becomes possible to carry out underground obstacle removal work even under such low power lines. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Inagi Enokido Underground Water Pipe Removal Work ■ Construction Date: August 17, 2021 ■ Location: Inagi City, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case Studies] Special Feature on Removed Underground Obstacles (4)

[Construction Case Studies] Special Feature on Removed Underground Obstacles (4)

Sudden underground obstacles! Various construction methods suitable for the site allow for the cutting, removal, and backfilling of underground obstacles.

On our company website, we introduce case studies of underground obstacle removal. This page features Part 4 of our special on removed underground obstacles. For more details, please refer to the related links. If underground obstacles suddenly appear, please contact us. 【Methods for Underground Obstacle Removal】 ■ Multi-Drill Method (Equivalent to BG Method) ■ All-Casing Method (Equivalent to BG Method) *For more details, please download the PDF from the related links or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case Studies] Special Feature on Removed Underground Obstacles (5)

[Construction Case Studies] Special Feature on Removed Underground Obstacles (5)

Removal of underground obstacles, ground improvement work, and site preparation piles! For foundation work, please contact our company.

On our company website, we introduce case studies of underground obstacle removal. This page features Part 5 of our series on removed underground obstacles. For more details, please refer to the related links. For foundation work such as underground obstacle removal, ground improvement work, existing pile extraction work, site development piles, retaining wall construction, and installation and removal of construction platforms, please contact us. 【Methods for Underground Obstacle Removal】 ■ Multi-Drill Method (Equivalent to BG Method) ■ All-Casing Method (Equivalent to BG Method) *For more details, please download the PDF from the related links or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
【施工事例】​地中障害撤去(オールケーシング・全旋回)

【施工事例】​地中障害撤去(オールケーシング・全旋回)

硬質な地盤に対応！地中障害撤去の施工事例をご紹介します

『地中障害撤去(オールケーシング・全旋回)』は、掘削に先立ち ケーシングチューブを揺動貫入し、孔壁を防護しながらハンマグラブ バケットにより掘削する工法です。 ケーシングを揺動装置により、反復回転させながら油圧ジャッキで 地盤に圧入した後、ケーシング内に落下させたハンマーグラブで 中の土砂を掘削し、掴み取るように排出。 支持層に達した後、鉄筋籠を挿入、ケーシングを抜きながら コンクリートを打設し、杭を形成します。 【特長】 ■ケーシングチューブを掘削孔全長にわたり揺動・押込みながら 　ケーシングチューブ内の土砂をハンマーグラブにて掘削・排土 ■所定の深さの地盤に達したら孔底処理を行い、鉄筋かごを建込み後、 　トレミーによりコンクリートを打込む ■コンクリート打込みに伴いケーシングチューブおよびトレミーを 　引抜き回収を行う ※詳しくは関連リンクページをご覧いただくか、お気軽にお問い合わせ下さい。

  • Earthworks
  • Civil Engineering Method
  • Pile and foundation work
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
Underground obstacle removal work "Multi-Drill Method" can be performed in narrow spaces and along walls!

Underground obstacle removal work "Multi-Drill Method" can be performed in narrow spaces and along walls!

The construction machinery has good mobility and can accommodate overhead restrictions. It has a maximum diameter of Φ1500, a maximum depth of 50m, low noise and low vibration, and has a track record of working on ultra-narrow sites of approximately 56 square meters!

Our company offers the "Multi-Drill Method," which features a multifunctional drilling machine capable of operating not only with full-circle rotation but also in narrow spaces and along walls. We have powerful multi-drill drilling machines such as the SR-45 and the compact drilling machine SR-20, manufactured by the Italian company Soilmec, as well as MD250 and S-15 models. Even in sites with overhead restrictions, we can perform construction using a low-headroom middle mast specification. Additionally, we have made corner construction and wall-side construction possible, which cannot be achieved with BG or MRT methods. By exchanging tools, we can accommodate multiple construction methods with the same drilling machine, making the process economical. We also possess original tools that enable a wider range of efficient construction. 【Features】 - Capable of drilling hard ground such as cobbles and mudstone with various tools, as well as removing underground structures and precast piles. - Allows for a series of operations from underground obstacle removal to pile construction with the same machine. - Compatible with all-casing piles, earth drill piles, and belled piles. - Enables prior removal of underground obstacles and replacement with quality soil for retaining wall piles. - Capable of constructing columnar piles. - Allows for ultra-wall-side construction and narrow site construction with self-developed tools. *Documents can be downloaded from the related links.

  • Ground foundation construction method
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work in an Extremely Narrow Site

[Construction Case] Underground Obstacle Removal Work in an Extremely Narrow Site

Using MD250! We would like to introduce examples of successful construction achieved through our technology and track record.

We would like to introduce a case study of underground obstacle removal work that our company has conducted. In Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo, we carried out underground obstacle removal work on an extremely narrow site. Using the MD250, we worked in a challenging area with a site area of approximately 82m². Thanks to our multi-drill and the technology and achievements we have cultivated so far, the work was successfully completed. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Work on an Extremely Narrow Site ■ Construction Date: June 28, 2022 ■ Location: Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo ■ Site Piling: Φ800, 13m, 6 pieces *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture - Removal of Columnar Improvement Piles

[Construction Case] Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture - Removal of Columnar Improvement Piles

Leave your foundation construction work to us! A case of removing underground obstacles after the removal of 65 columnar improvement piles.

We would like to introduce a case of underground obstacle removal that we conducted. In a project in Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, we used the multi-drill excavator SR-45 to remove 65 columnar improvement piles with a diameter of 1200 mm using the multi-drill method. We have introduced this case with images in the related link, so please take a look. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Columnar Improvement Pile Removal Project in Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture ■ Construction Date: June 19, 2020 ■ Location: Nishi Ward, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Chuo Ward, Tokyo - Underground Obstacle Removal Work

[Construction Case] Chuo Ward, Tokyo - Underground Obstacle Removal Work

Lifted using the multi-drill method! A case of removing obstacles made of hard random stones.

We would like to introduce a case of underground obstacle removal that we conducted. In a site adjacent to the Shuto Expressway in Chuo Ward, Tokyo, we removed hard "machishi" stones that were left under the old revetment. Using the multi-drill excavator SR-45, which has the capability to remove obstacles even in adjacent areas, we lifted the "machishi" stones using the multi-drill method. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Project, Chuo Ward, Tokyo ■ Construction Date: October 12, 2020 ■ Location: Nihonbashi Hamacho, Chuo Ward, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] Chuo Ward, Tokyo, Nihonbashi - Underground Obstacle Removal Work in a Narrow Site

[Construction Case] Chuo Ward, Tokyo, Nihonbashi - Underground Obstacle Removal Work in a Narrow Site

Achievements in responding to diverse site conditions! Here is an example of removing obstacles such as sleepers located 10 cm from the wall.

Here is an introduction to a case of underground obstacle removal conducted by our company. In Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, we received a request for the removal of underground obstacles located 10 cm from an adjacent wall. It was a site with limited space for wall construction, but we used the multi-purpose pile driving and extraction machine MD250 to remove old obstacles such as railway sleepers. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Project in Limited Space, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo ■ Construction Date: May 15, 2021 ■ Location: Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Example] Underground Obstacle Removal Work Using a Full Rotation Machine Φ2500

[Construction Example] Underground Obstacle Removal Work Using a Full Rotation Machine Φ2500

Maximum depth of 39m! Here is a case study of the removal of Φ400-600 PC piles that were present throughout the site.

We would like to introduce a case of underground obstacle removal that we conducted. The removal of existing piles was carried out using a Φ2500 full rotation machine on a vast site in Saiwaicho, Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City. The removal of Φ400-600 PC piles, with a maximum depth of 39m and located throughout the site, was carried out over approximately two months using a 150t crane. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: Underground Obstacle Removal Work using Φ2500 Full Rotation Machine ■ Construction Date: June 4, 2021 ■ Location: Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama City, Kanazawa Ward *For more details, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case] SR45 Multi-Drill Method 25m Underground Obstacle Removal

[Construction Case] SR45 Multi-Drill Method 25m Underground Obstacle Removal

We are conducting a wide range of foundation work! Here is an example of underground obstacle removal carried out in Chigasaki City.

We would like to introduce a case of underground obstacle removal work conducted by our company as part of a public project. This was carried out in Chigasaki City. An underground obstacle was encountered around 10 meters, making it impossible to proceed with the Avoron method, which led to our receiving the request and securing the contract. For more details about this case, please check the related link. 【Case Overview】 ■ Project Name: SR45 Multi-Drill Method 25m Underground Obstacle Removal ■ Construction Date: October 28, 2021 ■ Location: Chigasaki City, Underground Obstacle Removal ■ Details: Φ800 GL-25m *For more information, please download the PDF from the related link or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case Studies] Special Feature on Removed Underground Obstacles (2)

[Construction Case Studies] Special Feature on Removed Underground Obstacles (2)

Many achievements in various situational sites! For underground obstacle removal work, please contact our company.

On our company website, we introduce case studies of underground obstacle removal. This page features Part 2 of our special on removed underground obstacles. For more details, please refer to the related links. Please contact us for underground obstacle removal work. 【Methods for Underground Obstacle Removal】 ■ Multi-Drill Method (Equivalent to BG Method) ■ All-Casing Method (Equivalent to BG Method) *For more details, please download the PDF from the related links or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
[Construction Case Studies] Special Feature on Removed Underground Obstacles (3)

[Construction Case Studies] Special Feature on Removed Underground Obstacles (3)

We have published a feature on underground obstacles! For your foundation work needs, please feel free to contact us.

On our company website, we introduce examples of underground obstacle removal projects. This page features Part 3 of our series on removed underground obstacles. For more details, please refer to the related links. For inquiries regarding foundation work, including underground obstacle removal, ground improvement work, existing pile extraction work, site preparation piles, earth retention work, and the installation and removal of construction platforms, please feel free to contact us. 【Methods for Underground Obstacle Removal】 ■ Multi-Drill Method (Equivalent to BG Method) ■ All-Casing Method (Equivalent to BG Method) *For more details, please download the PDF from the related links or contact us.

  • Other civil engineering works
  • Obstacle removal work

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Related Categories of Obstacle removal work

COPYRIGHT © 2001-2026 IPROS CORPORATION ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.